Infected people sometimes die of respiratory failure or shock. Mild illnesses not requiring hospitalization also have been reported. Early diagnosis can be challenging since initial symptoms can be vague. It is important to talk to health care providers about possible exposure to rats or mice or their droppings. If a person reports history of rodent exposure and is experiencing fever, fatigue, and shortness of breath, a physician may draw blood to test for hantavirus infection.
There is no specific treatment, cure, or vaccine for hantavirus disease. Early supportive treatment of patients with hantavirus disease can improve survival.
If there is a high degree of suspicion of hantavirus disease, patients should be immediately transferred to an emergency department or intensive care unit for close monitoring and care. Rapid diagnosis and supportive treatment have increase the chance of survival. Avoid contact with rodent droppings or urine.
Avoid touching live or dead rodents. Do not disturb rodents, burrows or nests. The New York State Department of Health has created guidance on mice and rat control in the home and community. To reduce exposure to hantavirus around the home, prevent or eliminate rodent infestations.
If rodents are in the home, consult an exterminator or your local health department for additional information on rodent removal and control. Snap traps are preferred to eliminate rodents.
Glue traps or live traps are not recommended because the rodent may defecate or urinate which might spread the virus. Ideally, the snap traps should be set in an empty container, such as a milk carton lying on its side, or on newspaper to prevent contact with potentially infectious material.
Use disposable gloves during cleanup and then wash hands with soap and water after completing the cleanup. After eliminating rodents from a building, you should then eliminate the conditions that attract them improperly stored food sources, rubbish, etc. Rodent-proofing measures should be applied to prevent rodent entry. The virus, which is able to survive in the environment for a few hours or days for example, in dirt and dust in the shade or in rodent nests can be killed by most household disinfectants, such as bleach, detergents, or alcohol.
Exposure to the sun's UV rays can also kill the virus. Dwellings with large amounts of rodent droppings should first be aired before re-occupying the building. Rodent s involved House mouse Mus musculus Agent Virus Where the disease occurs Worldwide How the disease spreads Breathing in dust that is contaminated with rodent urine or droppings Direct contact with rodents or their urine and droppings Bite wounds, although this does not happen frequently Additional Information Lymphocytic Chorio-meningitis.
Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever. Rodent s involved Wild rodents, including rock squirrels, prarie dogs, wood rats, fox squirrels and other species of ground squirrels and chipmunks Agent Bacteria Where the disease occurs Western US, South America, Africa, Asia How the disease spreads Bite of an infected flea Direct contact with infected animal Additional Information Plague. Rat-Bite Fever. Rodent s involved Rats and possibly mice Agent Bacteria Where the disease occurs Worldwide; Streptobacillus moniliformis in North America and Europe; Spirillum minue in Asia and Africa How the disease spreads Bite or scratch wound from an infected rodent, or contact with a dead rodent Eating or drinking food or water that is contaminated by rat feces.
Additional Information Rat-Bite Fever. Rodent s involved Cane rat Zygodontomys brevicauda , drylands vesper mouse, Calomys musculinus , large vesper mouse Calomys callosus Agent Virus Where the disease occurs South America: parts of Argentina, Bolivia, Venezuela and Brazil How the disease spreads Breathing in dust that is contaminated with rodent urine or droppings Direct contact with rodents or their urine and droppings Bite wounds, although this does not happen frequently The disease may rarely spread through direct contact from person to person Additional Information Arenaviruses.
Rodent s involved Wild rodents, including muskrats, ground squirrels and beavers Agent Bacteria Where the disease occurs Worldwide. How the disease spreads Handling infected animal carcasses Being bitten by an infected tick, deerfly or other insect Eating or drinking contaminated food or water Breathing in the bacteria, F. Workers who handle or care for the brown or Norway rat, the known carrier of Seoul virus, should take special precautions to minimize the risk of infection.
The CDC has developed interim recommendations for cleaning up after rodents to reduce the risk of Seoul virus infection. These recommendations include measures for protection of bare skin i. Importantly, lung infection with various types of hantaviruses is often associated with respiratory exposure to aerosolized waste materials generated when workers clean and dump soiled bedding from rat cages. Alternative bedding materials that do not generate dusts during replacement and cleaning may help reduce worker exposure to aerosolized material.
Especially in large operations, engineering controls, such as ventilated dump stations, can also help protect workers. When working near heavy rodent infestations or around other large populations of rodents, or when conducting tasks that could cause infectious material to become airborne such as when changing large amounts of bedding or cleaning with high-pressure sprays of water , workers may also need respirators and employers must follow the requirements of the Respiratory Protection standard 29 CFR Resources on this Hantavirus Safety and Health Topics page may also be useful for protecting workers from exposure to Seoul virus in ratteries.
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